5G Frequencies Explained: Debunking Myths and Clarifying Facts
The myth that 5G only runs at 5 GHz and 4G specifically uses 2.4 GHz has long been a topic of confusion. While these frequencies do play a role, they are not exclusive to either technology. To understand the true nature of wireless technology, it's important to explore the frequency bands used by 4G and 5G, dispel common misconceptions, and clarify the practical considerations.
Understanding 5G and its Frequency Bands
5G technology operates across a range of frequency bands, from sub-6 GHz to millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies above 24 GHz. While some 5G networks utilize frequencies around 5 GHz, it is crucial to recognize that 5G is not confined to this range. The technology can operate at much higher frequencies, such as mmWave, which offers significantly faster data speeds but is limited to shorter ranges.
The Role of Frequency Bands in 4G LTE
Unlike 5G, 4G LTE typically operates in a broader frequency range, from approximately 700 MHz to 2.6 GHz. This spectrum is more versatile and can be deployed across various types of equipment and environments. Notably, 4G does not specifically run at 2.4 GHz, a frequency more commonly associated with Wi-Fi networks. The 2.4 GHz band is used for a range of applications, including WLAN and Bluetooth, but it is not specifically licensed for 4G LTE.
Frequency Bands in Detail
There are over 85 separate frequency bands defined for LTE. For 5G, these existing LTE bands are expanded, and 5G also utilizes some frequencies previously used by 3G and 2G technologies. For instance, a specific band in the 2.6 GHz range is reserved for 4G LTE. In general, LTE does not operate on the popular 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band, which is open for license-free operations, such as WLAN.
Practical Considerations and Technological Flexibility
The ability to use any technology, whether 4G, 5G, or Wi-Fi, on any frequency band underscores the flexibility of modern wireless communication. The choice of frequency is standardized within 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project), ensuring interoperability and compatibility. However, the deployment of 5G in different frequency bands often hinges on whether the terminals and devices are compatible.
5G is primarily discussed in terms of two major frequency bands: the C-band (3.4-4.2 GHz) and mmWave (24-80 GHz). However, in practice, it can operate on all major frequency bands from 450 MHz and above. Conversely, 4G is commonly used in bands such as 800 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2600 MHz, but there are numerous other deployment scenarios. For example, it might be used in 450 MHz, 900 MHz, 1400 MHz, 2100 MHz, 2300 MHz, and 3600 MHz.
Wi-Fi Frequency Comparison
2.4 GHz is a free band, much like the 2.4 GHz used by Wi-Fi, where devices can connect without requiring a license. However, running 4G on this band would be non-standard and not licensed. There is a technology called LTE-U (LTE for Unlicensed) that aims to aggregate available capacity in these free bands with licensed frequencies. This approach can improve efficiency and make better use of available spectrum.
It's important to note that the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands are not uniquely tied to 4G and 5G, respectively. Wi-Fi technologies also utilize both of these frequencies. The 2.4 GHz band provides a wide area coverage and ease of passing through obstacles, but it can be plagued by interference. The 5 GHz band, on the other hand, offers increased bandwidth and throughput but has a smaller coverage range due to higher frequencies.
To sum up, 5G is not limited to 5 GHz, and 4G does not specifically run at 2.4 GHz. Both technologies can operate in a wide range of frequency bands, each with its own advantages and challenges. Understanding these differences is key to leveraging the full potential of wireless technology.