Is Arduino a Single Board Computer?

The distinction between microcontrollers (MCUs) and single board computers (SBCs) can sometimes be blurry, but for those working in the world of electronics and computing, understanding these differences is crucial. In this article, we will delve into the nature of Arduino and determine whether it qualifies as a single board computer or remains more accurately classified as a microcontroller.

Understanding Microcontrollers

A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern specific operations in an embedded system. Unlike a standard microprocessor, a microcontroller has memory, input/output (I/O) capabilities, and interfaces for communication with the external world all on a single chip. This self-contained design makes microcontrollers extremely versatile and ideal for applications where computing power needs to be compact and efficient.

For example, my humble ESP8266 microcontroller includes a built-in Wi-Fi access point. It has everything it needs to perform its intended functions, including:

Memory for program storage Serial input/output for communication Special I/O pins for relays and transistors Analog to digital converters to read the external environment

These capabilities make the microcontroller an essential component in many embedded systems and IoT devices.

Single Board Computers (SBCs)

A single board computer (SBC) is a complete computer built on a single circuit board. SBCs typically include a central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, input/output interfaces, and a display, all housed on a single board. Examples of SBCs include the Raspberry Pi and the BeagleBone. These devices are designed for general-purpose computing, often with a user interface like a screen and keyboard/mouse.

The Case of Arduino

When we consider Arduino, it becomes clear that it occupies a unique position on the microcontroller-to-SBC continuum. Arduino is a microcontroller board, which means it includes a microcontroller along with essential support components. However, it does not qualify as a full-fledged single board computer in the traditional sense.

A Microcontroller: The Arduino board starts with the microcontroller. It contains everything needed to perform its intended tasks, such as:

A microcontroller (e.g., AVR ATmega328P for the Arduino Uno) Memory for program storage and data SAM chips with USB and Serial interface Power regulation, USB interface, and other essential features

A Single Board Computer: A true SBC, like the Raspberry Pi, includes a CPU, memory, storage, and a display, providing a complete computing experience. While an Arduino board is more complex than a simple microcontroller, it still lacks the extensive features and connectivity of a SBC. The Arduino's microcontroller is embedded within a board with basic supportive features, such as:

Voltage regulation to work from 5V-12V USB interface for communication with a PC Status LEDs A resettable fuse and power management

These additional features make the Arduino more user-friendly and versatile for hobbyists and professionals, but it does not fully meet the criteria for a single board computer.

Conclusion

While an Arduino board contains a microcontroller and has some of the features of a SBC, it falls short in certain key areas. It is more accurately described as a microcontroller board for special-purpose physical computing, rather than a true single board computer. Understanding this distinction is important for choosing the right tool for the job, whether you are developing IoT devices, experimenting with electronics, or building more complex computer systems.