Providing Internet Connectivity in Remote Densely wooded Regions: A Feasibility Study
Introduction
Providing internet connectivity in remote, densely wooded regions poses unique challenges, particularly when considering cost efficiency and long-term reliability. This article explores the feasibility of using solar-powered DD-WRT routers to establish 1Mbps Wi-Fi connections over distances of 1-3 miles.
Optical Transmission and Signal Propagation
The answer to whether solar-powered DD-WRT routers can provide 1Mbps Wi-Fi over the specified distances depends on several factors, including topography and the number of subscribers. If the forest canopy significantly obstructs the signal, higher frequency bands like 2.4GHz, 3.5GHz, and 5.8GHz may not be effective.
For scenarios where line-of-sight transmission is not guaranteed, TV White Space (TVWS) systems might be a more suitable solution. These systems are designed for non-line-of-sight connections and are often used in rural and densely wooded areas. Companies like Town of Thurman NY and ASA Networks have reported successful implementations using TVWS technology.
Cambrium Networks' 900MHz PMP 450i offers an alternative with higher radiated power. This can help in overcoming the signal blockage provided by the dense forest canopy.
Complexity and Reliability
The problem is one of complexity and reliability. Extensive testing and planning are required to ensure stable and reliable connections over the desired distances.
Village Telco provides a reference model for implementing such systems. A wireless mesh network typically requires multiple routers to span the desired area, which can be challenging to maintain over long periods due to the need for frequent software updates and hardware replacements.
Power Solutions and Infrastructure
To power these routers, solar panels are a viable option, but the system must be designed to handle the worst-case winter conditions. Solar panels should be sized to last through the winter's worst days, and batteries must be large enough to handle extended periods of darkness, plus an additional margin for safety.
Batteries, especially in cold environments, can perform poorly, so extra insulation is necessary to protect them from freezing. Plan for battery replacements every 5 years, which will add to the overall cost.
Additionally, ensuring the solar panels receive adequate light is crucial. Consider mounting them above the tree line if feasible. This could also reduce the number of routers needed and enhance line-of-sight connections. However, a long tower may be prone to wind damage, so adjustments in antenna setup are required.
Cost and Infrastructure Considerations
Given the complexity and high costs involved, it might be more efficient to lay fiber-optic cables instead of using wireless solutions. Ownership or at least rights to the land and roadsides can significantly reduce costs, as it allows for the installation of cable ducting and trenching equipment.
Carving a ditch alongside the road and pulling fiber through it is far more cost-effective than maintaining a wireless system over long distances, especially in a densely wooded area. This approach not only reduces operational costs but also provides a more stable and reliable connection.
In conclusion, while solar-powered DD-WRT routers can be a viable solution for providing internet connectivity in remote, densely wooded regions, it requires careful planning and substantial investment in infrastructure. Alternative methods, like TV White Space systems or laying fiber-optic cables, may offer a more cost-effective and reliable solution in the long run.