The Origins of Japanese Historiography: From Kofun Period to Kojiki

Japan's journey towards detailed and written history began with the Kofun Period, a time marked by monumental achievements and the emergence of organized societies. The immense burial mounds of this era not only speak of construction prowess but also of the structured leadership necessary to mobilize large numbers of workers. This article will explore the origins of Japanese historiography, focusing on the Kofun Period and the emergence of the first historian, Taian Mando.

The Kofun Period: 300-538 CE

The Kofun Period (300-538 CE) represents the first era of recorded history in Japan. This period is characterized by the construction of grand burial mounds, known as kofuns, which were monumental in size and complexity. The largest kofun, discovered at Tumulus Kumanohara, is a staggering 1500 feet in length and 120 feet in height, equivalent to the length of four football fields and the height of the Statue of Liberty.

The development of these grand projects required a highly organized society. The presence of advanced armor and iron weapons in these tombs suggests the existence of horse-riding warriors leading a society of conquest. Leading up to the tombs, hollow clay haniwa (unglazed terracotta cylinders) marked the approach to the burial sites of high-ranking individuals. It was the custom of the Kofun Period to bury the dead with valuable items such as ornamental jewels known as magatama, which along with the sword and mirror, would become part of the Japanese imperial regalia.

The Kofun Period also saw the emergence of Shinto, a religion centered around kami or gods. While the concept of worshipping gods predated the Kofun Period, Shinto as a widespread religion with defined rituals and practices established itself during this time. Shinto rituals guide believers on how to live a life that ensures a connection with the gods. Initially, these rituals were performed in the open or at sacred locations like forests. Over time, shrines and temples were constructed to house art and statues dedicated to and representing the gods. It was believed that the gods could temporarily inhabit these representations, allowing for a form of worship and reverence.

The Emergence of Japanese Historiography

The oldest known historical book in Japan is the Kojiki, which was compiled in 712 CE. This book, translated as "Records of Ancient Matters," is considered the oldest written work in Japanese history. The prologue of the Kojiki states that the book is a transcription of oral traditions that had been passed down for generations. According to the text, these oral traditions were recorded and transcribed by a figure named Hieda no Arei.

Although Hieda no Arei is often considered the first historical author in Japan, historical records about her are scarce. The most common theory is that she was a woman, though there are also theories suggesting she might be an alias for Fujiwara no Fuhito, a prominent political figure from the period, or even an imaginary person. Regardless of her identity, the Kojiki provides valuable insights into Japan's ancient history and culture.

However, the figure most commonly recognized as Japan's first historian is Taian Mando. He was an aristocrat from the Asuka period who compiled the Kojiki. The Kojiki is a composite of legends, myths, and historical events from Japan's ancient past, making it the oldest known historical text in the country.

It is essential to note that Prince Shotoku, who lived in the 6th century, wrote the oldest known writing in Japan. However, he is not considered a historian as the manuscript he wrote, while significant, did not record history in the traditional sense. Therefore, the Kojiki, compiled by Taian Mando, is considered the true beginning of written history in Japan.

Conclusion

The Kofun Period marked the birth of organized society in Japan, characterized by grand burial mounds, advanced weaponry, and the emergence of Shinto. The Kojiki, compiled by Taian Mando in 712 CE, is the country's first historical document and the foundation upon which Japanese historiography was built. Understanding these early periods is crucial to appreciating Japan's rich cultural and historical heritage.